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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bzhb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Бетон и железобетон</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Concrete and Reinforced Concrete</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0005-9889</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-1302</issn><publisher><publisher-name>АО «НИЦ «Строительство»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37538/0005-9889-2026-2(633)-57-69</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">XOQDWN</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bzhb-285</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Усадка бетона: современные представления, методы измерения и нормативные модели</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Concrete shrinkage: current concepts, measurement methods, and standard models</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ланг</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lang</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ланг Владимир Николаевич, аспирант</p><p>Астрахань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lang Vladimir N., postgraduate student</p><p>Astrakhan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочеткова</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochetkova</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кочеткова Анна Евгеньевна, студент</p><p>Москва</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kochetkova Anna E., student</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Астраханский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет, кафедра «Промышленное и гражданское строительство»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of industrial and civil engineering, Astrakhan state university of architecture and civil engineering</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет транспорта», Институт пути, строительства и сооружения, кафедра «Строительные конструкции, здания и сооружения»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian university of transport, Institute of railway track, Department of building structures, buildings and facilities, construction and structures</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>633</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>57</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ланг В.Н., Кочеткова А.Е., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ланг В.Н., Кочеткова А.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lang V.N., Kochetkova A.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.bzhb.ru/jour/article/view/285">https://www.bzhb.ru/jour/article/view/285</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Усадка бетона – ключевой фактор долговечности и трещиностойкости железобетонных конструкций. Несмотря на многолетние исследования, вопросы количественного прогноза и экспертизы трещинообразования из-за усадки по-прежнему остаются актуальными, особенно с учетом перехода строительной отрасли к бетонам с низким водоцементным отношением и активным применением суперпластификаторов.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Обобщить современные представления о механизмах, видах и методах измерения усадки бетона, критически проанализировать нормативно-испытательные процедуры и выделить направления совершенствования расчетных моделей.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведен аналитический обзор отечественных и зарубежных публикаций 1975– 2025 гг.; проанализированы отечественные стандарты (ГОСТ 24544-2020, СП 63.13330 и др.) и международные нормативы (Model Code 2010, ACI 209R-22). Использовались сравнительно-аналитический и системный методы, дополненные обобщением экспериментальных данных исследовательских групп, включая результаты 2022–2025 гг.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выявлена принципиальная двоякость природы усадки: автогенной, обусловленной самообжатием гидратирующего цементного камня, и высыхающей, вызванной миграцией влаги; показано, что при водоцементных отношениях  0,35 автогенная составляющая достигает 55–65 % суммарной усадки на 28-е сутки, а ее скорость пропорциональна удельной поверхности цемента. Рассмотрена роль градиентов влажности и температуры, формирующих неравномерное напряженное состояние, и обоснована необходимость комплексного учета усадки и ползучести в одномерных моделях жесткости. Систематизированы лабораторные и полевые методики (контактные, бесконтактные, интерферометрические), показаны их метрологические ограничения.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Современная конструктивная практика требует перехода от предельных нормативных значений к прогностическим моделям, учитывающим реальное влаготепловое состояние конструкции и рецептуру бетона. Перспективу представляют интеграция сенсорных систем онлайн-мониторинга деформаций и валидация расчетных кривых усадки для высокопрочных и композитных бетонов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Concrete shrinkage is a key factor in the durability and crack resistance of reinforced concrete structures. Despite many years of research, issues of quantitative prediction and assessment of shrinkage cracking remain relevant, especially given the construction industry’s transition to low-water-cement ratio concrete and the extensive use of superplasticizers.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To summarize current understanding of the mechanisms, types, and methods of measuring concrete shrinkage, critically analyze regulatory testing procedures, and identify areas for improving calculation models. Materials and Methods. An analytical review of domestic and international publications from 1975 to 2025 was conducted, including an analysis of domestic standards (GOST 24544–2020, SP 63.13330, etc.) and international regulations (ModelCode 2010, ACI209R 22). Comparative analytical and systematic methods were used, supplemented by a summary of experimental data from research groups, including results from 2 022 to 2025.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A fundamental duality in the nature of shrinkage was revealed: autogenous, caused by self-compression of the hydrating cement stone, and drying, caused by moisture migration. It was shown that at water-cement ratios  0.35, the autogenous component reaches 55–65 % of the total shrinkage by the 28th day, and its rate is proportional to the specific surface area of the cement. The role of moisture and temperature gradients in creating uneven stress states is examined, and the need for a comprehensive accounting of shrinkage and creep in one-dimensional stiffness models is substantiated. Laboratory and field methods (contact, non-contact, and interferometric) are systematized, and their metrological limitations are  demonstrated.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Modern design practice requires a transition from limiting standard values to predictive models that take into account the actual moisture-thermal state of a structure and concrete formulation. The integration of sensor systems for online deformation monitoring and the validation of calculated shrinkage curves for high-strength and composite concretes offer promising prospects. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>усадка бетона</kwd><kwd>автогенная усадка</kwd><kwd>высыхающая усадка</kwd><kwd>деформации</kwd><kwd>трещинообразование</kwd><kwd>ползучесть</kwd><kwd>измерение</kwd><kwd>цементный камень</kwd><kwd>Model Code</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>concrete shrinkage</kwd><kwd>autogenous shrinkage</kwd><kwd>drying shrinkage</kwd><kwd>deformations</kwd><kwd>cracking</kwd><kwd>creep</kwd><kwd>measurement</kwd><kwd>cement paste</kwd><kwd>ModelCode</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белов В.В., Смирнов М.А., Куляев П.В. 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