<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bzhb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Бетон и железобетон</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Concrete and Reinforced Concrete</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0005-9889</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-1302</issn><publisher><publisher-name>АО «НИЦ «Строительство»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bzhb-17</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Моделирование поведения бетона, зависящего от времени, в мезомасштабе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mesoscale modeling of concrete time-dependent behavior</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Альнаггар</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alnaggar</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры гражданского строительства и экологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кусатис</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cusatis</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор кафедры гражданского строительства и экологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ван-Венднер</surname><given-names>Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Wan-Wendner</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры строительства и строительных материалов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate professor, Dept. of Structural Engineering and Building Materials</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ян</surname><given-names>Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD студент, Колледж водного хозяйства и гидроэнергетики</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. student, College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ди Луцио</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Di Luzio</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент, департамент гражданского строительства и экологии</p><p>e-mail: giovanni.diluzio@polimi.it </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering</p><p>e-mail: giovanni.diluzio@polimi.it </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">giovanni.diluzio@polimi.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Политехнический институт Ренсселаера</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Западный университет</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Northwestern University</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Гентский университет</institution><country>Бельгия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ghent University</institution><country>Belgium</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Хохай</institution><country>Китай</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Hohai University</institution><country>China</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Миланский политехнический институт</institution><country>Италия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Politecnico di Milano</institution><country>Italy</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>604</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Альнаггар М., Кусатис Д., Ван-Венднер Р., Ян Л., Ди Луцио Д., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Альнаггар М., Кусатис Д., Ван-Венднер Р., Ян Л., Ди Луцио Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Alnaggar M., Cusatis G., Wan-Wendner R., Yang L., Di Luzio G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.bzhb.ru/jour/article/view/17">https://www.bzhb.ru/jour/article/view/17</self-uri><abstract><p>Ползучесть и усадка бетона – это зависящие от времени деформации, влияющие, в первую очередь, на эксплуатационную пригодность, а в некоторых случаях и на безопасность железобетонных конструкций, и с предварительным напряжением, и без него. Усадка, в основном, обусловлена как самовысушиванием, так и высыханием влаги, если бетон подвергается воздействию окружающей среды с более низкой относительной влажностью. Вдобавок и в сочетании с этим, большие и в значительной степени неустранимые деформации ползучести бетона могут вызвать значительные изменения воздействий на конструкции с точки зрения распределения внутренних напряжений, чрезмерных прогибов и потерь предварительного напряжения, а также привести к образованию больших трещин. Все эти эффекты влияют на работоспособность и долговечность конструкций, а также могут влиять на их структурную безопасность.</p><p>Для объяснения и моделирования зависящего от времени поведения бетона предложено много моделей. Кроме того, в литературе было представлено несколько методов, упрощающих расчет деформации ползучести конструкций, таких как метод эффективного модуля, метод скорости ползучести, метод коэффициента старения (метод AAEM) и подход, основанный на линейной теории вязкоупругости старения. В последнее время разработаны также более совершенные и продвинутые подходы к детальному численному анализу структурных эффектов ползучести и усадки бетона в сложных, неоднородных и последовательно возводимых конструкциях. Однако зависящее от времени поведение бетона должно быть согласовано с определенной обстановкой в более широких всеобъемлющих рамках, поскольку оно является результатом взаимодействия многочисленных химических, физических и механических процессов, которые являются функциями состава материала и его выдерживания, а также воздействия окружающей среды и условий нагружения.</p><p>Природа и масштабы, в которых происходят все вышеупомянутые процессы, представляют собой сложную задачу для численного моделирования. Бетон – гетерогенный материал, состоящий из двух компонентов, имеющих очень большие различия: цементной матрицы и заполнителей. Заполнители, как правило, гораздо более жесткие, менее пористые, и их зависящие от времени деформации на порядки ниже, чем у цементной матрицы. Оставаясь на мезоуровне, эти две фазы создают основную гетерогенность бетона, поскольку в этом масштабе вклад границы раздела матрица/заполнитель, называемой «межфазной переходной зоной» (ITZ), можно условно объединить с матрицей и отличить их от заполнителя, чтобы затем описать основную гетерогенность бетона. Путем отделения заполнителя от матрицы можно непосредственно уловить мезомасштабное взаимодействие на этом уровне; например, когда бетон нагружается при сжатии, мезоструктура испытывает хорошо известный механизм расщепления заполнителей. Мезомасштабные модели способны разрешать напряжения и деформации на таком уровне и могут различать деформации растяжения и сжатия, в то время как макроскопические модели должны усреднять их. Это различие становится очень важным при взаимодействии повреждений и ползучести/усадки, или когда внутренние самоуравновешенные напряжения являются единственным источником нагружения, как, например, при неравномерном высушивании или свободном расширении при прогрессирующей щелочной реакции заполнителя (ASR); в этих случаях макроскопические напряжения равны нулю. Следовательно, макроскопические непрерывные модели должны явно учитывать эти явления на более низком уровне в своих основных (конститутивных) законах.</p><p>В литературе существует множество мезомасштабных подходов, основанных на континуальных моделях конечных элементов (FE), на дискретных моделях, таких как классические методы дискретных элементов частиц (DEM). Описаны решетчатые методы и комплексный подход, сочетающий в себе оба вышеприведенных метода и называемый «решетчатой дискретной моделью частиц». Известны сети «жесткого тела – пружины» (RBSN), а также интерфейсные модели элементов с определяющими законами, базирующимися на нелинейной механике разрушения. Только через физическую основу конститутивных подходов может быть преодолена проблема создания надежных моделей прогнозирования, но это по-прежнему требует калибровки в обширной базе данных.</p><p>В данной статье впервые будет рассмотрен современный мезомасштабный подход, способный удивительно хорошо представить зависящее от времени поведение бетона. Этот мезомасштабный подход состоит из комбинации мезомасштабной дискретной модели, называемой «решетчатой дискретной моделью частиц» (LDPM), которая является всеобъемлющей моделью бетона. Она представляет внутреннюю структуру (неоднородность) материала с помощью набора крупных заполнителей, которые взаимодействуют на дискретных границах раздела. Модель успешно применялась при моделировании образцов бетона и железобетонных конструкций в различных условиях статического и динамического нагружения. Недавно LDPM была объединена с гидротермохимической (HTC) моделью, что привело к созданию мультифизической платформы, которая позже была расширена для учета связанных деформаций ползучести, усадки и щелочной реакции заполнителя (ASR). В этом контексте деформации ползучести и усадки моделируются на основе дискретного варианта теории микропреднапряжения – твердения.</p><p>Наконец, для демонстрации возможностей и уникальных особенностей предложенной вычислительной платформы в статье используются различные наборы экспериментальных данных, имеющиеся в литературе. Поскольку вычислительная платформа состоит из нескольких компонентов, она требует объективной твердой стратегии калибровки множества параметров. В цифровых применениях сначала представляется калибровка каждого компонента модели на основе пригодных для этой цели данных испытаний. Затем выполняется валидация с использованием экспериментальных данных, которые не были использованы для калибровки. Примеры, рассмотренные в статье, относятся к ползучести и усадке при различных гидротермических условиях, влиянию старения на прочность, третичной ползучести и ее применению к анализу времени до разрушения, разрушающему эффекту щелочной реакции заполнителей (ASR) в сочетании с ползучестью и усадкой.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Creep and shrinkage of concrete are time-dependent deformations that influence primarily the serviceability, and in some cases also the safety, of reinforced concrete structures with and without prestressing. Shrinkage is mainly driven by both self-desiccation and moisture drying if exposed to lower relative humidity environments. In addition, and in combination to that, the large and widely unrecoverable creep deformations of concrete can cause significant modifications of action effects in structures in terms of internal stress distributions, excessive deflections and loss of prestressing forces, and produce large cracks. All these effects affect the serviceability and the durability of structures and may impact on their structural safety as well.Many models were formulated to explain and simulate the time-dependent behavior of concrete, among others. Also, several methods have been presented in the literature to simplify the calculation of creep strain for structural calculations, such as the effective modulus method, rate of creep method, the ageing coefficient method (AAEM method), and the approach based on the aging linear viscoelastic theory. More refined and advanced approaches for detailed numerical analyses of the structural effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete in complex, heterogeneous and sequentially built structures have also been developed in recent times. However, time-dependent behavior of concrete must be contextualized in a wider comprehensive framework since it is a result of interplay between multiple chemical, physical, and mechanical processes that are functions of the material composition and its curing as well as the surrounding environmental and loading conditions.</p><p>The nature and scales at which all these aforementioned processes take place represent a challenge for the numerical modeling. Concrete is a heterogeneous material made of two components having very large differences: a cementitious matrix and aggregates. The aggregates are typically much stiff, less porous and their time-dependent deformations are orders of magnitude lower than those of the cementitious matrix. Staying at the mesoscale, these two phases represent the main heterogeneity of concrete since at this scale the contribution of the matrix/aggregate interface, called the Interfacial Transitional Zone (ITZ), can be lumped together with the matrix and distinguish them from the aggregate to represent the main heterogeneity of concrete. By differentiating aggregate from the matrix, mesoscale interaction at that level can be directly captured; for example, when concrete is loaded in compression, the meso-structure experiences a well-known splitting mechanism of the aggregates. Mesoscale models are capable of resolving the stresses and strains at such level and can differentiate between tensile and compressive deformations, while macroscopic models have to average it. This distinction becomes very important during damage and creep/shrinkage interaction or when internal self-equilibrated stresses are the only source of loading like in non-uniform drying or free expansion under ASR progression in which cases the macroscopic stresses are equal to zero. Hence, macroscopic continuous models have to explicitly account for these lower-scale phenomena in their constitutive laws.</p><p>In the literature there are many meso-scale approaches based on continuum finite element (FE) models and discrete models, such as the classical particle discrete element methods (DEM), the lattice methods, a comprehensive approach that combines both of them called Lattice Discrete Particle Model, the Rigid-Body-Spring Networks (RBSN), and interface element models with constitutive laws based on non-linear fracture mechanics. Only through physically based constitutive approaches the problem of establishing reliable prediction models can be overcome, but this still requires a calibration on an extensive database.</p><p>In this paper, a recent mesoscale approach capable of representing remarkably well the concrete time-dependent behavior will be first reviewed. This mesoscale approach consists of the combination between the mesoscale discrete model termed Lattice Discrete Particle Model (LDPM) that is a comprehensive concrete model. It represents the internal structure (heterogeneity) of the material using an assemblage of coarse aggregates that interact at discrete interfaces. The model has been successfully used in modeling concrete samples and reinforced concrete structures under various static and dynamic loading conditions. The LDPM was recently coupled with a hygro-thermo-chemical (HTC) model resulting in a multi- physics framework that later was extended to account for coupled creep, shrinkage and ASR deformations. In this framework, creep and shrinkage deformations are modeled based on a discrete version of the Microprestress-Solidification theory. Finally, different experimental data sets available in the literature are here used to show the capabilities and the unique features of the proposed computational framework. Since the computational framework consists of several components, it requires an objective solid calibration strategy of the numerous parameters. In the numerical applications the calibration of each model component based on suitable test data is first presented. Then, the validation is performed using the experimental data that were not employed for the calibration. The examples considered in the manuscript deal with the creep and shrinkage under varying hygro-thermal conditions, the aging effects on strength, the tertiary creep and its application to time to failure analysis, the deterioration effect of the Alkali-Silica-Reaction (ASR) coupled with creep and shrinkage.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бетон</kwd><kwd>ползучесть</kwd><kwd>усадка</kwd><kwd>старение</kwd><kwd>диффузия влаги</kwd><kwd>диффузия тепла</kwd><kwd>мезомасштабное моделирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>concrete</kwd><kwd>creep</kwd><kwd>shrinkage</kwd><kwd>aging</kwd><kwd>moisture diffusion</kwd><kwd>heat diffusion</kwd><kwd>mesoscale modeling</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan A.A., Cook W.D., Mitchell D. Creep, shrinkage, and thermal strains in normal, medium, and highstrength concretes during hydration. &lt;i&gt;ACI Materials Journal.&lt;/i&gt; 94 (2).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan A.A., Cook W.D., Mitchell D. Creep, shrinkage, and thermal strains in normal, medium, and highstrength concretes during hydration. &lt;i&gt;ACI Materials Journal.&lt;/i&gt; 94 (2).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jirásek M., Ba ant Z.P. Inelastic Analysis of Structures. J. Wiley&amp;Sons, London and New York, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jirásek M., Ba ant Z.P. Inelastic Analysis of Structures. J. Wiley&amp;Sons, London and New York, 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ba ant Z.P., Jirásek M. Creep and hygrothermal effects in concrete structures. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ba ant Z.P., Jirásek M. Creep and hygrothermal effects in concrete structures. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ba ant Z. Constitutive equation for concrete creep and shrinkage based on thermodynamics of multiphase systems. Matériaux et Construction 3 (1) (1970) 3–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ba ant Z. Constitutive equation for concrete creep and shrinkage based on thermodynamics of multiphase systems. Matériaux et Construction 3 (1) (1970) 3–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ba ant Z., Chern J. Concrete creep at variable humidity: constitutive law and mechanism. &lt;i&gt;Materials and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 1985. Vol. 18, pp. 1–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ba ant Z., Chern J. Concrete creep at variable humidity: constitutive law and mechanism. &lt;i&gt;Materials and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 1985. Vol. 18, pp. 1–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ulm F.J., Coussy O. Modeling of thermo-chemo-mechanical couplings of concrete at early ages. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 1995. Vol. 121 (7), pp. 785–794.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulm F.J., Coussy O. Modeling of thermo-chemo-mechanical couplings of concrete at early ages. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 1995. Vol. 121 (7), pp. 785–794.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ba ant Z.P. Prediction of concrete creep and shrinkage: past, present and future. &lt;i&gt;Nuclear Engineering and Design.&lt;/i&gt; 2001. Vol. 203 (1), pp. 27–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ba ant Z.P. Prediction of concrete creep and shrinkage: past, present and future. &lt;i&gt;Nuclear Engineering and Design.&lt;/i&gt; 2001. Vol. 203 (1), pp. 27–38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jennings H.M. Colloid model of C-S-H and implications to the problem of creep and shrinkage. &lt;i&gt;Materials and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 2004. Vol. 37 (1), pp. 59–70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jennings H.M. Colloid model of C-S-H and implications to the problem of creep and shrinkage. &lt;i&gt;Materials and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 2004. Vol. 37 (1), pp. 59–70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pichler C., Lackner R. A multiscale creep model as basis for simulation of early age concrete behavior. &lt;i&gt;Computers and Concrete.&lt;/i&gt; 2008. Vol. 5 (4), pp. 295–328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pichler C., Lackner R. A multiscale creep model as basis for simulation of early age concrete behavior. &lt;i&gt;Computers and Concrete.&lt;/i&gt; 2008. Vol. 5 (4), pp. 295–328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scheiner S., Hellmich C. Continuum micro-viscoelasticity model for aging basic creep of early-age concrete, &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics&lt;/i&gt; 135 (4) (2009) 307–323.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scheiner S., Hellmich C. Continuum micro-viscoelasticity model for aging basic creep of early-age concrete, &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics&lt;/i&gt; 135 (4) (2009) 307–323.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jirásek M., Havlásek P. Accurate approximations of concrete creep compliance functions based on continuous retardation spectra. &lt;i&gt;Computers &amp; Structures&lt;/i&gt; 135 (2014) 155–168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jirásek M., Havlásek P. Accurate approximations of concrete creep compliance functions based on continuous retardation spectra. &lt;i&gt;Computers &amp; Structures&lt;/i&gt; 135 (2014) 155–168.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faber O. Plastic yield, shrinkage, and other problems of concrete, and their effect on design. &lt;i&gt;In: In Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 225, ICE Publishing, London, UK, 1927/28, pp. 27–76, with discussion 76–130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faber O. Plastic yield, shrinkage, and other problems of concrete, and their effect on design. &lt;i&gt;In: In Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 225, ICE Publishing, London, UK, 1927/28, pp. 27–76, with discussion 76–130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glanville W. Studies in reinforced concrete-iii, the creep or flow of concrete under load. Build. Res. &lt;i&gt;Tech. Pap.&lt;/i&gt; 1930. No. 12, pp. 1–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glanville W. Studies in reinforced concrete-iii, the creep or flow of concrete under load. Build. Res. &lt;i&gt;Tech. Pap.&lt;/i&gt; 1930. No. 12, pp. 1–39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ba ant Z. Prediction of concrete creep effects using age-adjusted effective modulus method. &lt;i&gt;J. Am. Concr. Inst.&lt;/i&gt; 1972. Vol. 69, pp. 212–217.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ba ant Z. Prediction of concrete creep effects using age-adjusted effective modulus method. &lt;i&gt;J. Am. Concr. Inst.&lt;/i&gt; 1972. Vol. 69, pp. 212–217.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiorino M.A. A rational approach to the analysis of creep structural effects. In: N.J. Gardner, W. e. Weiss (Eds.), Shrinkage and creep of concrete, SP-227, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI, 2005, pp. 107–141, see also [40. and its included referenced literature by, among others, Maslov, Gvozdev, Mc Henry, Ba ant, Mola et al.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiorino M.A. A rational approach to the analysis of creep structural effects. In: N.J. Gardner, W. e. Weiss (Eds.), Shrinkage and creep of concrete, SP-227, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI, 2005, pp. 107–141, see also [40. and its included referenced literature by, among others, Maslov, Gvozdev, Mc Henry, Ba ant, Mola et al.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gitman I., Askes H., Sluys L. Coupled-volume multiscale</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gitman I., Askes H., Sluys L. Coupled-volume multiscale</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">modelling of quasi-brittle material. &lt;i&gt;European Journal of Mechanics – A/Solids.&lt;/i&gt; 2008. Vol. 27, pp. 302–327.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">modelling of quasi-brittle material. &lt;i&gt;European Journal of Mechanics – A/Solids.&lt;/i&gt; 2008. Vol. 27, pp. 302–327.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skarzynski ., Tejchman J. Calculations of fracture process zones on meso-scale in notched concrete beams subjected to three-point bending. &lt;i&gt;European Journal of Mechanics – A/Solids.&lt;/i&gt; 2010. Vol. 29 (4), pp. 746–760.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skarzynski ., Tejchman J. Calculations of fracture process zones on meso-scale in notched concrete beams subjected to three-point bending. &lt;i&gt;European Journal of Mechanics – A/Solids.&lt;/i&gt; 2010. Vol. 29 (4), pp. 746–760.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benkemoun N., Hautefeuille M., Colliat J., Ibrahimbegovic A. Failure of heterogeneous materials: 3D meso-scale FE models with embedded discontinuities. &lt;i&gt;International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering.&lt;/i&gt; 2010. Vol. 82, pp. 1671–1688.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benkemoun N., Hautefeuille M., Colliat J., Ibrahimbegovic A. Failure of heterogeneous materials: 3D meso-scale FE models with embedded discontinuities. &lt;i&gt;International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering.&lt;/i&gt; 2010. Vol. 82, pp. 1671–1688.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim S., Al-Rub R.A., Meso-scale computational modeling of the plastic-damage response of cementitious composites. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Research.&lt;/i&gt; 2011. Vol. 41, pp. 339–358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim S., Al-Rub R.A., Meso-scale computational modeling of the plastic-damage response of cementitious composites. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Research.&lt;/i&gt; 2011. Vol. 41, pp. 339–358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shahbeyk S., Hosseini M., Yaghoobi M. Mesoscale finite element prediction of concrete failure. &lt;i&gt;Computational Materials Science.&lt;/i&gt; 2011. Vol. 50 (7), pp. 1973–1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shahbeyk S., Hosseini M., Yaghoobi M. Mesoscale finite element prediction of concrete failure. &lt;i&gt;Computational Materials Science.&lt;/i&gt; 2011. Vol. 50 (7), pp. 1973–1990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ren W., Yang Z., Sharma R., Zhang C., Withers P. Two-dimensional x-ray ct image based meso-scale fracture modelling of concrete. &lt;i&gt;Engineering Fracture Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2015. Vol. 133, pp. 24–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ren W., Yang Z., Sharma R., Zhang C., Withers P. Two-dimensional x-ray ct image based meso-scale fracture modelling of concrete. &lt;i&gt;Engineering Fracture Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2015. Vol. 133, pp. 24–39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou R., Song Z., Lu Y. 3D mesoscale finite element modelling of concrete. &lt;i&gt;Computers and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 2017. Vol. 192, pp. 96–113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou R., Song Z., Lu Y. 3D mesoscale finite element modelling of concrete. &lt;i&gt;Computers and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 2017. Vol. 192, pp. 96–113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin R.Z.X.D.L., Xu J. Numerical study on the impact performances of reinforced concrete beams: a mesoscopic simulation method. &lt;i&gt;Engineering Failure Analysis.&lt;/i&gt; 2017. Vol. 80, pp. 141–163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin R.Z.X.D.L., Xu J. Numerical study on the impact performances of reinforced concrete beams: a mesoscopic simulation method. &lt;i&gt;Engineering Failure Analysis.&lt;/i&gt; 2017. Vol. 80, pp. 141–163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skarzynski ., Nitka M., Tejchman J. Modelling of concrete fracture at aggregate level using fem and dem based on x-ray mct images of internal structure. &lt;i&gt;Engineering Fracture Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2015. No. 10 (147), pp. 13–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skarzynski ., Nitka M., Tejchman J. Modelling of concrete fracture at aggregate level using fem and dem based on x-ray mct images of internal structure. &lt;i&gt;Engineering Fracture Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2015. No. 10 (147), pp. 13–35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suchorzewski J., Tejchman J., Nitka M. Discrete element method simulations of fracture in concrete under uniaxial compression based on its real internal structure. &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Damage Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2017. Vol. 27 (4), pp. 578–607.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suchorzewski J., Tejchman J., Nitka M. Discrete element method simulations of fracture in concrete under uniaxial compression based on its real internal structure. &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Damage Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2017. Vol. 27 (4), pp. 578–607.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hentz S., Daudeville L., Donzé F. Identification and validation of a discrete element model for concrete. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2004. Vol. 130 (6), pp. 709–719.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hentz S., Daudeville L., Donzé F. Identification and validation of a discrete element model for concrete. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2004. Vol. 130 (6), pp. 709–719.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dupray F., Malecot Y., Daudeville L., Buzaud E. Mesoscopic model for the behavior of concrete under high confinement. &lt;i&gt;International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2009. Vol. 33, pp. 1407–1423.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dupray F., Malecot Y., Daudeville L., Buzaud E. Mesoscopic model for the behavior of concrete under high confinement. &lt;i&gt;International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2009. Vol. 33, pp. 1407–1423.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donzé F., Magnier S., Daudeville L., Mariotti C. Numerical study of compressive behavior of concrete at high strain rates. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 1999. Vol. 122 (80), pp. 1154–1163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donzé F., Magnier S., Daudeville L., Mariotti C. Numerical study of compressive behavior of concrete at high strain rates. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 1999. Vol. 122 (80), pp. 1154–1163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nitka M., Tejchman J. Modelling of concrete behavior in uniaxial compression and tension with dem. &lt;i&gt;Granular Matter.&lt;/i&gt; 2015. Vol. 17 (1), pp. 145–164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nitka M., Tejchman J. Modelling of concrete behavior in uniaxial compression and tension with dem. &lt;i&gt;Granular Matter.&lt;/i&gt; 2015. Vol. 17 (1), pp. 145–164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Groh U., Konietzk H., Walter K. et al. Damage simulation of brittle heterogeneous materials at the grain size level. &lt;i&gt;Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2011. Vol. 55, pp. 31–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Groh U., Konietzk H., Walter K. et al. Damage simulation of brittle heterogeneous materials at the grain size level. &lt;i&gt;Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2011. Vol. 55, pp. 31–38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lilliu G., Mier J. van 3D lattice type fracture model for concrete. &lt;i&gt;Engineering Fracture Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2003. Vol. 70, pp. 927–941.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lilliu G., Mier J. van 3D lattice type fracture model for concrete. &lt;i&gt;Engineering Fracture Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2003. Vol. 70, pp. 927–941.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herrmann H., Hansen A., Roux S. Fracture of disordered, elastic lattices in two dimensions. &lt;i&gt;Physical Review B.&lt;/i&gt; 1989. Vol. 39, pp. 637–647.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herrmann H., Hansen A., Roux S. Fracture of disordered, elastic lattices in two dimensions. &lt;i&gt;Physical Review B.&lt;/i&gt; 1989. Vol. 39, pp. 637–647.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozicki J., Tejchman J. Modelling of fracture processes in concrete using a novel lattice model. &lt;i&gt;Granular Matter.&lt;/i&gt; 2008. Vol. 10, pp. 377–388.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozicki J., Tejchman J. Modelling of fracture processes in concrete using a novel lattice model. &lt;i&gt;Granular Matter.&lt;/i&gt; 2008. Vol. 10, pp. 377–388.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cusatis G., Pelessone D., Mencarelli A. Lattice discrete particle model (LDPM) for concrete failure behavior of concrete. I: Theory. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites.&lt;/i&gt; 2011. Vol. 33 (9), pp. 881–890.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cusatis G., Pelessone D., Mencarelli A. Lattice discrete particle model (LDPM) for concrete failure behavior of concrete. I: Theory. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites.&lt;/i&gt; 2011. Vol. 33 (9), pp. 881–890.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolander J., Saito S. Fracture analyses using spring networks with random geometry. &lt;i&gt;Engineering Fracture Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 1998. Vol. 61, pp. 569–591.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolander J., Saito S. Fracture analyses using spring networks with random geometry. &lt;i&gt;Engineering Fracture Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 1998. Vol. 61, pp. 569–591.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolander J., Sukumar N. Irregular lattice model for quasistatic crack propagation. &lt;i&gt;Physical Review B.&lt;/i&gt; 2005. Vol. 71 (9). 094106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolander J., Sukumar N. Irregular lattice model for quasistatic crack propagation. &lt;i&gt;Physical Review B.&lt;/i&gt; 2005. Vol. 71 (9). 094106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Asahina D., Aoyagi K., Kim K., Birkholzer J., Bolander J. Elastically-homogeneous lattice models of damage in geomaterials. &lt;i&gt;Computers and Geotechnics.&lt;/i&gt; 2017. Vol. 81, pp. 195–206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asahina D., Aoyagi K., Kim K., Birkholzer J., Bolander J. Elastically-homogeneous lattice models of damage in geomaterials. &lt;i&gt;Computers and Geotechnics.&lt;/i&gt; 2017. Vol. 81, pp. 195–206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kawai T. New discrete models and their applications to seismic response analysis of structures. &lt;i&gt;Nuclear Engineering and Design.&lt;/i&gt; 1978. Vol. 48, pp. 207–229.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kawai T. New discrete models and their applications to seismic response analysis of structures. &lt;i&gt;Nuclear Engineering and Design.&lt;/i&gt; 1978. Vol. 48, pp. 207–229.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carol I., Lopez C., Roa O. Micromechanical analysis of quasi-brittle materials using fracture-based interface elements. &lt;i&gt;International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering.&lt;/i&gt; 2001. Vol. 52, pp. 193–215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carol I., Lopez C., Roa O. Micromechanical analysis of quasi-brittle materials using fracture-based interface elements. &lt;i&gt;International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering.&lt;/i&gt; 2001. Vol. 52, pp. 193–215.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiorino M.A. Analysis of structural effects of timedependent behaviour of concrete: an internationally harmonized format – recent updates. &lt;i&gt;Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo.&lt;/i&gt; 2019. No. 2, pp. 4–18. May 2021 issue of the same Journal.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiorino M.A. Analysis of structural effects of timedependent behaviour of concrete: an internationally harmonized format – recent updates. &lt;i&gt;Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo.&lt;/i&gt; 2019. No. 2, pp. 4–18. May 2021 issue of the same Journal.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cusatis G., Mencarelli A., Pelessone D., Baylot J., Lattice discrete particle model (LDPM) for failure behavior of concrete. II: calibration and validation. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites&lt;/i&gt;. 2011. Vol. 33 (9), pp. 891–905.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cusatis G., Mencarelli A., Pelessone D., Baylot J., Lattice discrete particle model (LDPM) for failure behavior of concrete. II: calibration and validation. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites&lt;/i&gt;. 2011. Vol. 33 (9), pp. 891–905.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rezakhani R., Cusatis G. Generalized mathematical homogenization of the lattice discrete particle model. &lt;i&gt;In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, FraMCoS.&lt;/i&gt; 2013, Toledo, Spain, 2013, pp. 261–271.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rezakhani R., Cusatis G. Generalized mathematical homogenization of the lattice discrete particle model. &lt;i&gt;In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, FraMCoS.&lt;/i&gt; 2013, Toledo, Spain, 2013, pp. 261–271.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alnaggar M., Cusatis G. Automatic parameter identification of discrete mesoscale models with application to the coarse-grained simulation of reinforced concrete structures. &lt;i&gt;In: J. Carrato, J. G. Burns (Eds.), 20th Analysis and computation specialty conference, American Society of Civil Engineers.&lt;/i&gt; 2012, pp. 406–417.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alnaggar M., Cusatis G. Automatic parameter identification of discrete mesoscale models with application to the coarse-grained simulation of reinforced concrete structures. &lt;i&gt;In: J. Carrato, J. G. Burns (Eds.), 20th Analysis and computation specialty conference, American Society of Civil Engineers.&lt;/i&gt; 2012, pp. 406–417.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cusatis G., Rezakhani R., Alnaggar M., Zhou X., Pelessone D. Multiscale computational models for the simulation of concrete materials and structures. &lt;i&gt;Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures;&lt;/i&gt; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA (2014) 23–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cusatis G., Rezakhani R., Alnaggar M., Zhou X., Pelessone D. Multiscale computational models for the simulation of concrete materials and structures. &lt;i&gt;Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures;&lt;/i&gt; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA (2014) 23–38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luzio G.Di, Cusatis G. Hygro-thermo-chemical modeling of high-performance concrete. I: Theory. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites.&lt;/i&gt; 2009. Vol. 31 (5), pp. 301–308.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luzio G.Di, Cusatis G. Hygro-thermo-chemical modeling of high-performance concrete. I: Theory. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites.&lt;/i&gt; 2009. Vol. 31 (5), pp. 301–308.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luzio G.Di, Cusatis G. Hygro-thermo-chemical modeling of high-performance concrete. II: Numerical implementation, calibration, and validation. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites.&lt;/i&gt; 2009. Vol. 31 (5), pp. 309–324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luzio G.Di, Cusatis G. Hygro-thermo-chemical modeling of high-performance concrete. II: Numerical implementation, calibration, and validation. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites.&lt;/i&gt; 2009. Vol. 31 (5), pp. 309–324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alnaggar M., Cusatis G., Luzio G.Di Lattice discrete particle modeling (LDPM) of alkali silica reaction (ASR) deterioration of concrete structures. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites.&lt;/i&gt; 2013. Vol. 41, pp. 45–59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alnaggar M., Cusatis G., Luzio G.Di Lattice discrete particle modeling (LDPM) of alkali silica reaction (ASR) deterioration of concrete structures. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites.&lt;/i&gt; 2013. Vol. 41, pp. 45–59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdellatef M., Alnaggar M., Boumakis G., Cusatis G., Luzio G.Di, Wendner R. Lattice discrete particle modeling for coupled concrete creep and shrinkage using the Solidification-Microprestress theory. &lt;i&gt;In: CONCREEP 10.&lt;/i&gt; 2015, pp. 184–193.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdellatef M., Alnaggar M., Boumakis G., Cusatis G., Luzio G.Di, Wendner R. Lattice discrete particle modeling for coupled concrete creep and shrinkage using the Solidification-Microprestress theory. &lt;i&gt;In: CONCREEP 10.&lt;/i&gt; 2015, pp. 184–193.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alnaggar M., Luzio G.Di, Cusatis G. Modeling timedependent behavior of concrete affected by alkali silica reaction in variable environmental conditions. &lt;i&gt;Materials.&lt;/i&gt; 2017. Vol. 10 (5). p. 417.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alnaggar M., Luzio G.Di, Cusatis G. Modeling timedependent behavior of concrete affected by alkali silica reaction in variable environmental conditions. &lt;i&gt;Materials.&lt;/i&gt; 2017. Vol. 10 (5). p. 417.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ba ant Z., Prasannan S. Solidification theory for concrete creep. I: Formulation, II: Verification and application. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 1989. Vol. 115 (7), pp. 1691–1725.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ba ant Z., Prasannan S. Solidification theory for concrete creep. I: Formulation, II: Verification and application. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 1989. Vol. 115 (7), pp. 1691–1725.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ba ant Z.P., Hauggaard A.B., Baweja S., Ulm F.-J. Microprestress-solidification theory for concrete creep. I: Aging and drying effects. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 1997. Vol. 123 (11), pp. 1188–1194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ba ant Z.P., Hauggaard A.B., Baweja S., Ulm F.-J. Microprestress-solidification theory for concrete creep. I: Aging and drying effects. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 1997. Vol. 123 (11), pp. 1188–1194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ba ant Z.P., Cusatis G., Cedolin L. Temperature effect on concrete creep modeled by microprestresssolidification theory. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics 130 (Special Issue: Constitutive Modeling of Geomaterials).&lt;/i&gt; 2004, pp. 691–699.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ba ant Z.P., Cusatis G., Cedolin L. Temperature effect on concrete creep modeled by microprestresssolidification theory. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics 130 (Special Issue: Constitutive Modeling of Geomaterials).&lt;/i&gt; 2004, pp. 691–699.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luzio G.Di, Cusatis G. Solidification-microprestressmicroplane (SMM) theory for concrete at early age: Theory, validation and application. &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Solids and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 2013. Vol. 50, pp. 957–975.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luzio G.Di, Cusatis G. Solidification-microprestressmicroplane (SMM) theory for concrete at early age: Theory, validation and application. &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Solids and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 2013. Vol. 50, pp. 957–975.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cervera M., Oliver J., Prato T. Thermo-chemo-mechanical model for concrete. I: Hydration and aging. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 1999. Vol. 125 (9), pp. 1018–1027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cervera M., Oliver J., Prato T. Thermo-chemo-mechanical model for concrete. I: Hydration and aging. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 1999. Vol. 125 (9), pp. 1018–1027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pathirage M., Bentz D., Luzio G.Di., Masoero E., Cusatis G. The ONIX model: a parameter-free multiscale framework for the prediction of self-desiccation in concrete. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites.&lt;/i&gt; 2019. Vol. 103, pp. 36–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pathirage M., Bentz D., Luzio G.Di., Masoero E., Cusatis G. The ONIX model: a parameter-free multiscale framework for the prediction of self-desiccation in concrete. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites.&lt;/i&gt; 2019. Vol. 103, pp. 36–48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pantazopoulo S., Mills R. Microstructural aspects of the mechanical response of plain concrete. &lt;i&gt;ACI Matererials journal.&lt;/i&gt; 1995. Vol. 92 (6), pp. 605–616.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pantazopoulo S., Mills R. Microstructural aspects of the mechanical response of plain concrete. &lt;i&gt;ACI Matererials journal.&lt;/i&gt; 1995. Vol. 92 (6), pp. 605–616.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Powers T.C. Chemistry of cements. Academic Press, London, 1964, Ch. Physical Structure of Portland Cement Paste, pp. 391–416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Powers T.C. Chemistry of cements. Academic Press, London, 1964, Ch. Physical Structure of Portland Cement Paste, pp. 391–416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gawin D., Pesanto F., Schrefler B.A. Hygro-thermo-chemo-mechanical modelling of concrete at early ages and beyond. part I: hydration and hygrothermal phenomena. &lt;i&gt;International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering.&lt;/i&gt; 2006. Vol. 67 (3), pp. 299–331.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gawin D., Pesanto F., Schrefler B.A. Hygro-thermo-chemo-mechanical modelling of concrete at early ages and beyond. part I: hydration and hygrothermal phenomena. &lt;i&gt;International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering.&lt;/i&gt; 2006. Vol. 67 (3), pp. 299–331.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ba ant Z.P. Thermodynamics of interacting continua with surfaces and creep analysis of concrete structures. &lt;i&gt;Nuclear Engrg. and Des.&lt;/i&gt; 1972. Vol. 20, pp. 477–505.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ba ant Z.P. Thermodynamics of interacting continua with surfaces and creep analysis of concrete structures. &lt;i&gt;Nuclear Engrg. and Des.&lt;/i&gt; 1972. Vol. 20, pp. 477–505.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baroghel-Bouny V., Mainguy M., Lassabatere T., Coussy O. Characterization and identification of equilibrium and transfer moisture properties for ordinary and high-performance cementitious materials. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Research.&lt;/i&gt; 1999. 29, pp. 1225–1238.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baroghel-Bouny V., Mainguy M., Lassabatere T., Coussy O. Characterization and identification of equilibrium and transfer moisture properties for ordinary and high-performance cementitious materials. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Research.&lt;/i&gt; 1999. 29, pp. 1225–1238.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Norling Mjonell K. A model on self-desiccation in high-performance concrete. &lt;i&gt;In: Self-desiccation and its importance in concrete technology Proceedings of the International Research Seminar.&lt;/i&gt; Lund, Sweden. 1997, pp. 141–157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Norling Mjonell K. A model on self-desiccation in high-performance concrete. &lt;i&gt;In: Self-desiccation and its importance in concrete technology Proceedings of the International Research Seminar.&lt;/i&gt; Lund, Sweden. 1997, pp. 141–157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schauffert E.A., Cusatis G. Lattice discrete particle model for fiber reinforced concrete (LDPM-F): I. theory. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2012. Vol. 138 (7), pp. 826–833.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schauffert E.A., Cusatis G. Lattice discrete particle model for fiber reinforced concrete (LDPM-F): I. theory. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2012. Vol. 138 (7), pp. 826–833.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schauffert E.A., Cusatis G., Pelessone D., O’Daniel J., Baylot J. Lattice discrete particle model for fiber reinforced concrete (LDPM-F): II. tensile fracture and multiaxial loading behavior. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2012. Vol. 138 (7), pp. 834–841.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schauffert E.A., Cusatis G., Pelessone D., O’Daniel J., Baylot J. Lattice discrete particle model for fiber reinforced concrete (LDPM-F): II. tensile fracture and multiaxial loading behavior. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2012. Vol. 138 (7), pp. 834–841.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith J., Cusatis G., Pelessone D., Landis E., O’Daniel J., Baylot J. Discrete modeling of ultra-highperformance concrete with application to projectile penetration. &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Impact Engineering.&lt;/i&gt; 2014. Vol. 65, pp. 13–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith J., Cusatis G., Pelessone D., Landis E., O’Daniel J., Baylot J. Discrete modeling of ultra-highperformance concrete with application to projectile penetration. &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Impact Engineering.&lt;/i&gt; 2014. Vol. 65, pp. 13–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watstein D. Effect of straining rate on the compressive strength and elastic properties of concrete. &lt;i&gt;ACI Journal.&lt;/i&gt; 1953. Vol. 49 (4), pp. 729–744.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watstein D. Effect of straining rate on the compressive strength and elastic properties of concrete. &lt;i&gt;ACI Journal.&lt;/i&gt; 1953. Vol. 49 (4), pp. 729–744.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hughes B.P., Gregory R. Concrete subjected to high rates of loading in compression. &lt;i&gt;Magazine of Concrete Research.&lt;/i&gt; 1972. Vol. 24 (78), pp. 25–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hughes B.P., Gregory R. Concrete subjected to high rates of loading in compression. &lt;i&gt;Magazine of Concrete Research.&lt;/i&gt; 1972. Vol. 24 (78), pp. 25–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinhardt H.W. Strain rate effects on the tensile strength of concrete as predicted by thermodynamic and fracture mechanics models. &lt;i&gt;MRS Proceedings.&lt;/i&gt; 1985. Vol. 64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinhardt H.W. Strain rate effects on the tensile strength of concrete as predicted by thermodynamic and fracture mechanics models. &lt;i&gt;MRS Proceedings.&lt;/i&gt; 1985. Vol. 64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mainstone R.J. Properties of materials at high rates of straining or loading. &lt;i&gt;Matériaux et Construction.&lt;/i&gt; 1975. Vol. 8 (2), pp. 102–116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mainstone R.J. Properties of materials at high rates of straining or loading. &lt;i&gt;Matériaux et Construction.&lt;/i&gt; 1975. Vol. 8 (2), pp. 102–116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bischoff P.H., Perry S.H. Compressive behaviour of concrete at high strain rates. &lt;i&gt;Materials and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 1991. Vol. 24 (6), pp. 425–450.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bischoff P.H., Perry S.H. Compressive behaviour of concrete at high strain rates. &lt;i&gt;Materials and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 1991. Vol. 24 (6), pp. 425–450.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luzio G.Di, Cedolin L. Concrete response under dynamic loading. &lt;i&gt;Studies and Researches.&lt;/i&gt; 2005. Vol. 25, pp. 155–176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luzio G.Di, Cedolin L. Concrete response under dynamic loading. &lt;i&gt;Studies and Researches.&lt;/i&gt; 2005. Vol. 25, pp. 155–176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu Z.S., Ba ant Z.P. Finite element modeling of rate effect in concrete fracture with influence of creep. &lt;i&gt;In: Creep and Shrinkage of concrete, Proceedings of the 5th International RILEM symposium.&lt;/i&gt; Barcelona, Spain, 1993, pp. 427–432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu Z.S., Ba ant Z.P. Finite element modeling of rate effect in concrete fracture with influence of creep. &lt;i&gt;In: Creep and Shrinkage of concrete, Proceedings of the 5th International RILEM symposium.&lt;/i&gt; Barcelona, Spain, 1993, pp. 427–432.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith J., Cusatis G. Numerical analysis of projectile penetration and perforation of plain and fiber reinforced concrete slabs. &lt;i&gt;International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2016. Vol. 41 (3), pp. 315–337.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith J., Cusatis G. Numerical analysis of projectile penetration and perforation of plain and fiber reinforced concrete slabs. &lt;i&gt;International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2016. Vol. 41 (3), pp. 315–337.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ba ant Z.P., Xi Y. Continuous retardation spectrum for solidification theory of concrete creeps. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE.&lt;/i&gt; 1995. Vol. 121, pp. 281–288.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ba ant Z.P., Xi Y. Continuous retardation spectrum for solidification theory of concrete creeps. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE.&lt;/i&gt; 1995. Vol. 121, pp. 281–288.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luzio G.Di, Cedolin L., Beltrami C. Tridimensional long-term finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures with rate-type creep approach. &lt;i&gt;Applied Sciences.&lt;/i&gt; 2020. Vol. 10 (14), p. 4772.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luzio G.Di, Cedolin L., Beltrami C. Tridimensional long-term finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures with rate-type creep approach. &lt;i&gt;Applied Sciences.&lt;/i&gt; 2020. Vol. 10 (14), p. 4772.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boumakis I., Luzio G.Di., Marcon M., Vorel J., Wan-Wendner R., Discrete element framework for modeling tertiary creep of concrete in tension and compression. &lt;i&gt;Engineering Fracture Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2018. Vol. 200, pp. 263–282.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boumakis I., Luzio G.Di., Marcon M., Vorel J., Wan-Wendner R., Discrete element framework for modeling tertiary creep of concrete in tension and compression. &lt;i&gt;Engineering Fracture Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2018. Vol. 200, pp. 263–282.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Havlasek P., Jirásek M. Multiscale modeling of drying shrinkage and creep of concrete. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Research.&lt;/i&gt; 2016. Vol. 85, pp. 55–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Havlasek P., Jirásek M. Multiscale modeling of drying shrinkage and creep of concrete. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Research.&lt;/i&gt; 2016. Vol. 85, pp. 55–74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masoero E., Luzio G.Di Nanoparticle simulations of logarithmic creep and microprestress relaxation in concrete and other disordered solids, &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Research.&lt;/i&gt; 2020. Vol. 137, p. 106181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masoero E., Luzio G.Di Nanoparticle simulations of logarithmic creep and microprestress relaxation in concrete and other disordered solids, &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Research.&lt;/i&gt; 2020. Vol. 137, p. 106181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alnaggar M., Cusatis G., Luzio G.Di A discrete model for alkali-silica-reaction in concrete. &lt;i&gt;In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, FraMCoS.&lt;/i&gt; Toledo, Spain, 2013, pp. 1315–1326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alnaggar M., Cusatis G., Luzio G.Di A discrete model for alkali-silica-reaction in concrete. &lt;i&gt;In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, FraMCoS.&lt;/i&gt; Toledo, Spain, 2013, pp. 1315–1326.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alnaggar M., Cusatis G., Qu J., Liu M. Simulating acoustic nonlinearity change in accelerated mortar bar tests: A discrete meso-scale approach. &lt;i&gt;CRC Press.&lt;/i&gt; 2014, pp. 451–458.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alnaggar M., Cusatis G., Qu J., Liu M. Simulating acoustic nonlinearity change in accelerated mortar bar tests: A discrete meso-scale approach. &lt;i&gt;CRC Press.&lt;/i&gt; 2014, pp. 451–458.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ba ant Z., Steffens A. Mathematical model for kinetics of alkali-silica reaction in concrete. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Research.&lt;/i&gt; 2000. Vol. 30, pp. 419–428.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ba ant Z., Steffens A. Mathematical model for kinetics of alkali-silica reaction in concrete. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Research.&lt;/i&gt; 2000. Vol. 30, pp. 419–428.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saouma V., Xi Y. Literature review of alkali aggregate reactions in concrete dams, Report cu/sa-xi-2004/001, Department of Civil, Environmental, &amp; Architectural Engineering University of Colorado (2004).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saouma V., Xi Y. Literature review of alkali aggregate reactions in concrete dams, Report cu/sa-xi-2004/001, Department of Civil, Environmental, &amp; Architectural Engineering University of Colorado (2004).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wan L., Wendner R., Liang B., Cusatis G. Analysis of the behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete at early age. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites.&lt;/i&gt; 2016. Von. 74, pp. 120–135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wan L., Wendner R., Liang B., Cusatis G. Analysis of the behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete at early age. &lt;i&gt;Cement and Concrete Composites.&lt;/i&gt; 2016. Von. 74, pp. 120–135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Czernuschka L.-M., Boumakis I., Nincevic K., Vorel J., Wan-Wendner R. Chemo-mechanical lattice discrete particle model for normal and high strength concrete, arxiv.org e-Print archive.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Czernuschka L.-M., Boumakis I., Nincevic K., Vorel J., Wan-Wendner R. Chemo-mechanical lattice discrete particle model for normal and high strength concrete, arxiv.org e-Print archive.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pelessone D. MARS: Modeling and Analysis of the Response of Structures – User’s Manual, ES3, Beach (CA), USA (2009). URL http://www.es3inc.com/mechanics/MARS/Online/MarsManual.htm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pelessone D. MARS: Modeling and Analysis of the Response of Structures – User’s Manual, ES3, Beach (CA), USA (2009). URL http://www.es3inc.com/mechanics/MARS/Online/MarsManual.htm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marcon M., Podrou ek J., Vorel J., Wan-Wendner R. Inherent variability of lattice discrete particle model owing to different particle placement strategies. &lt;i&gt;Materials&lt;/i&gt; (in review).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marcon M., Podrou ek J., Vorel J., Wan-Wendner R. Inherent variability of lattice discrete particle model owing to different particle placement strategies. &lt;i&gt;Materials&lt;/i&gt; (in review).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdellatef M., Boumakis I., Wan-Wendner R., Alnaggar M. Lattice discrete particle modeling of concrete coupled creep and shrinkage behavior: A comprehensive calibration and validation study. &lt;i&gt;Construction and Building Materials.&lt;/i&gt; 2019. Vol. 211, pp. 629–645.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdellatef M., Boumakis I., Wan-Wendner R., Alnaggar M. Lattice discrete particle modeling of concrete coupled creep and shrinkage behavior: A comprehensive calibration and validation study. &lt;i&gt;Construction and Building Materials.&lt;/i&gt; 2019. Vol. 211, pp. 629–645.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bryant A.H., Vadhanavikkit C. Creep, shrinkage-size, and age at loading effects. &lt;i&gt;ACI Materials Journal.&lt;/i&gt; 1987. Vol. 84 (2), pp. 117–123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bryant A.H., Vadhanavikkit C. Creep, shrinkage-size, and age at loading effects. &lt;i&gt;ACI Materials Journal.&lt;/i&gt; 1987. Vol. 84 (2), pp. 117–123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit89"><label>89</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou F.P. Time-dependent crack growth and fracture in concrete, Dissertation, Lund University of Technology, Lund, Sweden (1992).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou F.P. Time-dependent crack growth and fracture in concrete, Dissertation, Lund University of Technology, Lund, Sweden (1992).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit90"><label>90</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luzio G.Di Numerical model for time–dependent fracturing of concrete. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2009. Vol. 135 (7), pp. 632–640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luzio G.Di Numerical model for time–dependent fracturing of concrete. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Engineering Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2009. Vol. 135 (7), pp. 632–640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit91"><label>91</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luzio G.Di, Muciaccia G., Biolzi L. Size effect in thermally damaged concrete. &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Damage Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2010. Vol. 19 (5), pp. 631–656.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luzio G.Di, Muciaccia G., Biolzi L. Size effect in thermally damaged concrete. &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Damage Mechanics.&lt;/i&gt; 2010. Vol. 19 (5), pp. 631–656.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit92"><label>92</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luzio G.Di, Biolzi L. Assessing the residual fracture properties of thermally damaged high strength concrete. &lt;i&gt;Mechanics of Materials.&lt;/i&gt; 2013. 64, pp. 27–43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luzio G.Di, Biolzi L. Assessing the residual fracture properties of thermally damaged high strength concrete. &lt;i&gt;Mechanics of Materials.&lt;/i&gt; 2013. 64, pp. 27–43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit93"><label>93</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinhardt H.W. Loading rate, temperature, and humidity effects, in: Fracture Mechanics of Concrete: test method. &lt;i&gt;RILEM 89-FMT&lt;/i&gt;, 1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinhardt H.W. Loading rate, temperature, and humidity effects, in: Fracture Mechanics of Concrete: test method. &lt;i&gt;RILEM 89-FMT&lt;/i&gt;, 1992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit94"><label>94</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Multon S., Seignol J.-F., Toutlemonde F. Structural behavior of concrete beams affected by alkali-silica reaction. &lt;i&gt;ACI Materials Journal.&lt;/i&gt; 2005. Vol. 102 (2), pp. 67–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Multon S., Seignol J.-F., Toutlemonde F. Structural behavior of concrete beams affected by alkali-silica reaction. &lt;i&gt;ACI Materials Journal.&lt;/i&gt; 2005. Vol. 102 (2), pp. 67–76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit95"><label>95</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hubler M.H., Wendner R., Ba ant Z.P. Statistical justification of model b4 for drying and autogenous shrinkage of concrete and comparisons to other models. &lt;i&gt;Materials and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 2015. Vol. 48 (4), pp. 797–814.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hubler M.H., Wendner R., Ba ant Z.P. Statistical justification of model b4 for drying and autogenous shrinkage of concrete and comparisons to other models. &lt;i&gt;Materials and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 2015. Vol. 48 (4), pp. 797–814.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit96"><label>96</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wendner R., Hubler M.H., Ba ant Z.P. Statistical justification of model b4 for multi-decade concrete creep using laboratory and bridge databases and comparisons to other models. &lt;i&gt;Materials and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 2015. Vol. 48 (4), pp. 815–833.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wendner R., Hubler M.H., Ba ant Z.P. Statistical justification of model b4 for multi-decade concrete creep using laboratory and bridge databases and comparisons to other models. &lt;i&gt;Materials and Structures.&lt;/i&gt; 2015. Vol. 48 (4), pp. 815–833.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit97"><label>97</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ASTM C469/C469M-14, Standard test method for static modulus of elasticity and poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression, Tech. rep., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ASTM C469/C469M-14, Standard test method for static modulus of elasticity and poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression, Tech. rep., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit98"><label>98</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ASTM C1293 Standard test method for concrete aggregates by determination of length change of concrete due to alkali-silica reaction., Tech. rep., Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 04.02 (Concrete and Aggregates), ASTM International, Philadelphia (PA), USA. 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ASTM C1293 Standard test method for concrete aggregates by determination of length change of concrete due to alkali-silica reaction., Tech. rep., Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 04.02 (Concrete and Aggregates), ASTM International, Philadelphia (PA), USA. 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit99"><label>99</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CAN/CSA-A23.2-14A-14 Potential expansivity of aggregates (procedure for length change due to alkali aggregate reaction in concrete prisms). Tech. rep., CSA A23.2–00: Methods of Test for Concrete, Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, ON, Canada. 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CAN/CSA-A23.2-14A-14 Potential expansivity of aggregates (procedure for length change due to alkali aggregate reaction in concrete prisms). Tech. rep., CSA A23.2–00: Methods of Test for Concrete, Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, ON, Canada. 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
