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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bzhb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Бетон и железобетон</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Concrete and Reinforced Concrete</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0005-9889</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3034-1302</issn><publisher><publisher-name>АО «НИЦ «Строительство»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37538/0005-9889-2024-5(624)-61-68</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">PJWLVC</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bzhb-157</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ И ИЗДЕЛИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BUILDING MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Критический обзор стандартизированных методов испытаний для определения стойкости бетона к карбонизации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Critical review of standardized test methods for determining the carbonation resistance of concrete</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фаликман</surname><given-names>В. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Falikman</surname><given-names>V. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вячеслав Рувимович Фаликман, д-р материаловедения, канд. хим. наук, действительный член Российской инженерной академии, Почетный пожизненный член ФИБ и РИЛЕМ, начальник центра научно-технического сопровождения технически сложных объектов строительства (№ 20), НИИЖБ им. А.А. Гвоздева АО «НИЦ «Строительство», Москва</p><p>e-mail: vfalikman@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vyacheslav R. Falikman, Dr. Sci. (Materials), Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Full Member of the Russian Engineering Academy, Honorary Life Member of fib and RILEM, Head of Center for Scientific and Technical Support of Technically Complex Construction Facilities (No. 20), Research Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete named after A.A. Gvozdev, JSC Research Center of Construction, Moscow</p><p>e-mail: vfalikman@yandex.ru</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриев</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitriev</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никита Сергеевич Дмитриев*, аспирант, АО «НИЦ «Строительство»; младший научный сотрудник, центр научно-технического сопровождения технически сложных объектов строительства (№ 20), НИИЖБ им. А.А. Гвоздева АО «НИЦ «Строительство», Москва</p><p>e-mail: concrete15@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita S. Dmitriev*, Graduate student, JSC Research Center of Construction; Junior Research Associate, Center for Scientific and Technical Support of Technically Complex Construction Facilities (No. 20), Research Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete named after A.A. Gvozdev, JSC Research Center of Construction, Moscow</p><p>e-mail: concrete15@yandex.ru</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский, проектно-конструкторский и технологический институт бетона и железобетона (НИИЖБ) им. А.А. Гвоздева АО «НИЦ «Строительство»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete named after A.A. Gvozdev, JSC Research Center of Construction</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский, проектно-конструкторский и технологический институт бетона и железобетона (НИИЖБ) им. А.А. Гвоздева АО «НИЦ «Строительство»; АО «НИЦ «Строительство»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete named after A.A. Gvozdev, JSC Research Center of Construction; JSC Research Center of Construction</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>624</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Фаликман В.Р., Дмитриев Н.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фаликман В.Р., Дмитриев Н.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Falikman V.R., Dmitriev N.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.bzhb.ru/jour/article/view/157">https://www.bzhb.ru/jour/article/view/157</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Основная часть</title><p>Основная часть. В статье рассмотрены рекомендации по предварительной подготовке и выдержке образцов, приведенные в существующих отечественных и зарубежных стандартах испытаний карбонизации бетонов. Условия воздействия ускоренной карбонизации влияют на механизм процессов и степень изменений, которые испытает материал. В будущих итерациях стандартов приоритетным должно стать понятие «индекса зрелости». Необходимо обеспечить прямое сравнение результатов различных исследований и улучшить понимание того, как внутренние свойства отдельных видов бетона связаны с их устойчивостью к карбонизации, определить принципы точного перевода скоростей карбонизации при ускоренных испытаниях в скорости карбонизации в естественных условиях для различных типов бетона. В статье рассмотрены подходы к проектированию долговечности железобетонных конструкций, основанные на предписывающих и эксплуатационных характеристиках. Часто прямая корреляция между коэффициентом карбонизации и прочностью на сжатие в бетонах с минеральными добавками не выявляется, особенно когда эксплуатационные характеристики определяются при ускоренных испытаниях. Поэтому модели деградации таких бетонов под воздействием углекислого газа при полувероятностных, вероятностных расчетах и оценке срока службы нуждаются в определенном уточнении.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Существующие стандарты на определение глубины карбонизации имеют значительные отличия друг от друга, в частности в вариантах подготовки образцов, условий твердения, условиях при испытании в камере карбонизации. Это приводит к различным результатам при испытаниях по разным стандартам. Подход к оценке долговечности и сроков службы железобетонных конструкций на основе эксплуатационных характеристик можно считать важным продвижением в проектировании конструкционного бетона. В настоящее время ограничения в этом подходе связаны с тем, что различные процессы разрушения, влияющие на поведение железобетонных конструкций, изучены не полностью и описаны не во всех необходимых деталях, лабораторные методы испытаний не всегда отражают реальные условия эксплуатации, а изменение качества бетона в пределах конструкции определяется неоднородностью и анизотропией свойств, наличием дефектов, зависящими от времени параметрами (усадка, ползучесть) и другими вероятностными факторами.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Principal part</title><p>Principal part. The article considers the recommendations on preliminary preparation and curing of specimens given in the existing domestic and foreign standards of concrete carbonization tests. The conditions of exposure to accelerated carbonization affect the mechanism of processes and the degree of changes that the material will experience. The concept of “maturity index” should be prioritized in future iterations of standards. There is a need to provide direct comparison of the results of different studies and to improve the understanding of how the internal properties of individual concrete types relate to their resistance to carbonation, to define principles for accurately translating carbonation rates in accelerated tests into natural carbonation rates for different types of concrete. Prescriptive and performance-based approaches to durability design of reinforced concrete structures are reviewed in this article. Often a direct correlation between carbonization ratio and compressive strength in concretes with mineral additives is not revealed, especially when the performance characteristics are determined by accelerated tests. Therefore, models of degradation of such concretes under the influence of carbon dioxide in semi-probabilistic, probabilistic calculations, and service life assessment need some refinement.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The existing standards for carbonation depth determination have significant differences from each other, in particular in the variants of specimen preparation, curing conditions, conditions during testing in the carbonation chamber. This leads to different results when tested to different standards. The performance-based approach to assessing the durability and service life of reinforced concrete structures can be considered an important advancement in structural concrete design. At present, the limitations in this approach are due to the fact that the various failure processes affecting the behavior of reinforced concrete structures are not fully studied and described in all necessary details, laboratory test methods do not always reflect the actual operating conditions, and the variation of concrete quality within a structure are determined by the heterogeneity and anisotropy of properties, the presence of defects, time-dependent parameters (shrinkage, creep), and other probabilistic factors.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бетон</kwd><kwd>карбонизация</kwd><kwd>активная минеральная добавка</kwd><kwd>гидроксид кальция</kwd><kwd>карбонат кальция</kwd><kwd>коррозия стальной арматуры</kwd><kwd>влажность</kwd><kwd>условия твердения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>concrete</kwd><kwd>carbonization</kwd><kwd>active mineral additive</kwd><kwd>calcium hydroxide</kwd><kwd>calcium carbonate</kwd><kwd>corrosion of steel reinforcement</kwd><kwd>humidity</kwd><kwd>curing conditions</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Belie N., Soutsos M., Gruyaert E. 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